Definition 定义

Obedience is compliance with an order issued by an authority figure.

Obedience is not as general as conformity, it is related to specific instruction from another person.

服从是对权威人士发出的命令的遵守。

服从并不像服从那样笼统，它与另一个人的具体指令有关。

Why people obey 人们为什么要听话

Milgram proposed the agentic theory: When we act as the agent of someone in authority we find it easy to deny personal responsibility for our actions – just following orders or just doing our job.

米尔格拉姆提出了代理人理论。当我们作为权威人士的代理人行事时，我们发现很容易否认个人对自己行为的责任–只是服从命令或只是做自己的工作。

Obedience to authority is deeply ingrained from early childhood when we are taught to obey our parents, teachers and elders.

对权威的服从从幼年时期就已经根深蒂固，当时我们被教导要服从父母、老师和长辈。

It is possible that the demand characteristics raised obedience rates. In Milgram's experiments people felt they were 'helping' in a scientific experiment. It also helped that the authority appeared to be academic experts at a top university, people would have trusted them.

有可能是需求特征提高了服从率。在Milgram的实验中，人们觉得他们在科学实验中是在 "帮忙"。此外，权威机构似乎是顶尖大学的学术专家，这也有帮助，人们会信任他们。

Milgram's electric shock experiments (1963) 米尔格拉姆的电击实验(1963)

Every psychology student has heard about Stanley Milgram's electric shock experiments. 每个心理学学生都听说过斯坦利-米尔格拉姆的电击实验。

Aim: Stanley Milgram was from a Jewish background he was interested in how easily ordinary people could be influenced into committing atrocities for example, Germans in WWII.

目的：斯坦利-米尔格拉姆有犹太背景，他对普通人如何容易被影响而犯下暴行感兴趣，例如，二战中的德国人。

Volunteers: He decided to test ordinary Americans (over 1000 of them) from all types of backgrounds. They were told that the research was into the effects of punishment on learning.

志愿者：他决定测试来自各种背景的普通美国人（超过1000人）。他们被告知，这项研究是关于惩罚对学习的影响。

Procedure: Volunteers were told to administer electric shocks of increasing voltage, up to 450V, to a 'learner' (actor) each time the learner made an error.

程序：志愿者们被告知，每次学习者犯错时，都要对 "学习者"（演员）进行电压越来越高的电击，最高可达450伏。

An 'experimenter' was overseeing the operation and dressed in a white lab coat. When the 'learner' started to make errors and the 'teacher' began to worry, the 'experimenter' reminded them of the need to continue.

一名身穿白大褂的 "实验者 "负责监督这一操作。当 "学习者 "开始犯错，"教师 "开始担心时，"实验者 "提醒他们需要继续。

Predictions: Milgram asked 40 psychiatrists to predict the results, they said that less than 1% would go all the way and that those who did would be psychopathic sadists.

预测：米尔格拉姆请40位精神病学家预测结果，他们说，只有不到1%的人能够一路走下去，而那些走下去的人将是变态的虐待狂。

Results: The psychiatrists were very wrong. Obedience rates were way higher. Two thirds of volunteers went up to 450V. No one stopped before 275V! These results surprised everyone, including Milgram. No one expected to find so many people prepared to give 450V shocks to a stranger!

结果：精神病学家们大错特错。服从率要高得多。三分之二的志愿者上升到450V。没有人在275伏之前停下来！这些结果让每个人都感到惊讶，包括米尔格拉姆。這些結果讓所有人都感到驚訝，包括米爾格拉姆。没有人想到会有这么多人准备给一个陌生人450伏的电击！这是很重要的。

What's important is that you remember what the results were and possible reasons for them, plus some of the arguments in the controversy that this research provoked.

重要的是，你要记住结果是什么，可能的原因是什么，以及这项研究引发的争议中的一些争论。

Milgram did more than one experiment – he carried out 18 variations of his study. All he did was alter the situation, not the type of volunteers.

米尔格拉姆做了不止一个实验–他对他的研究进行了18次变化。他所做的只是改变情况，而不是改变志愿者的类型。

The following table shows the different situations Milgram used in his experiments, and which situations lead to the highest obedience rates. 1 is the highest and 7 is the lowest.

下表显示了米尔格拉姆在实验中使用的不同情境，以及哪些情境会导致最高的服从率。1是最高的，7是最低的。

Situational Variation of Shock Experiment

冲击实验的情况变化

Obedience Rate 服从率 (% to 450v)

Another 'teacher' (actor) administers shocks on participant's instructions

另一位 "老师"（演员）根据参与者的指示进行冲击。

1

Remote victim – victim in another room (original experiment)

远程受害者–受害者在另一个房间（原始实验）

2

Institutional context (experiment in downtown location)

机构背景（在市中心的实验）。

3

Proximity ('teacher' and 'learner' in same room)

靠近（"教师 "和 "学习者 "在同一个房间里）。

4

Touch proximity ('teacher' forces learner's hand onto shock plate)

触摸接近（"教师 "强迫学习者的手放在电击板上）。

5

Remote authority ('experimenter' out of room)

遥远的权威（"实验者 "不在房间里）。

6

Two other 'teachers' (actors) rebel before 225V (participant gives shocks)

另外两个 "老师"（演员）在225V之前反叛（参与者给予电击）。

7

Conclusions: Milgram's work shows us how difficult it is to resist pressures from 'authority'. The real 'heroes' of the experiment were those who had the courage to disobey!

结论：米尔格拉姆的工作向我们展示了抵制来自 "权威 "的压力是多么困难。实验中真正的'英雄'是那些有勇气不服从的人！"。

Criticism of Milgram's work 对Milgram工作的批评

Milgram was fiercely criticised. 米尔格拉姆受到了猛烈的批评。

His results upset people – this may have been because they felt uncomfortable with what it showed about ordinary Americans. Maybe if they had not been so shocking (excuse the pun!) people would not have given Milgram's work a second thought, perhaps the unpalatable findings made people seek to discredit the procedures.

他的研究结果使人们感到不安–这可能是因为他们对研究结果所显示的普通美国人的情况感到不舒服。也许如果这些结果不是那么令人震惊（请原谅我的双关语！），人们就不会对Milgram的工作有什么想法，也许这些令人不快的发现使人们寻求对这些程序的质疑。

Milgram's work on obedience was attacked on ethical grounds, saying he deceived people and caused unreasonable distress. Volunteers often showed extreme stress – sweating, trembling, stammering, even having uncontrollable fits.

米尔格拉姆关于服从的工作受到了伦理方面的攻击，说他欺骗了人们并造成了不合理的痛苦。志愿者们经常表现出极端的压力–出汗、颤抖、结巴，甚至有无法控制的发作。

The APA decided that Milgram's work was ethically acceptable. APA决定，Milgram的工作在道德上是可以接受的。

On practical grounds, people argued that demand characteristics created the high rates of obedience. It was a highly artificial setting and in a prestigious location, but even when Milgram moved the experiment to a downtown location, obedience rates were still alarmingly high.

从实际情况来看，人们认为是需求特征造成了高服从率。这是一个高度人工化的环境，而且是在一个著名的地方，但即使米尔格拉姆把实验移到市中心，服从率仍然高得惊人。

However, Zimbardo defended Milgram and has said his work is "the most generalizable in all of social science… dozens of systematic replications with a 1000 subjects from as diverse backgrounds as possible."

然而，津巴多为米尔格拉姆辩护，并说他的工作是 "所有社会科学中最具有普遍性的……几十个系统的复制，有1000个来自尽可能不同背景的受试者"。

Hofling et al, testing nurses' obedience in a natural setting (1966) Hofling等人，在自然环境中测试护士的服从性（1966年）。

Aim: To create a more realistic study of obedience than Milgram's by carrying out field studies on nurses who were unaware that they were involved in an experiment.

目的：通过对不知道自己被卷入实验的护士进行实地研究，创造一个比米格拉姆的研究更真实的服从性。

Procedure: Nurses in a hospital were given orders from a 'doctor' over the telephone to administer a dose of medication above the maximum allowed. The nurses were watched to see what they would do. The medication was not real, though the nurses thought it was.

实验过程：一家医院的护士通过电话接到 "医生 "的命令，让她们给病人注射超过最大允许剂量的药物。护士们被监视着，看他们会怎么做。药物不是真的，尽管护士们认为它是真的。

Results: 21 out of 22 nurses were easily influenced into carrying out the orders. They were not supposed to take instructions by phone, let alone exceed the allowed dose.

结果：22名护士中的21名很容易受到影响，执行了命令。他们不应该接受电话指示，更不应该超过允许的剂量。

When other nurses were asked to discuss what they would do in a similar situation, 21 out of 22 said they would not comply with the order.

当其他护士被要求讨论他们在类似情况下会怎么做时，22名护士中有21名说他们不会遵守命令。

Conclusions: Hofling demonstrated that people are very unwilling to question supposed 'authority', even when they might have good reason to.

结论：霍夫林表明，人们非常不愿意质疑所谓的 "权威"，即使他们可能有充分的理由这样做。

Evaluation: Like Milgram, Hofling was criticised on ethical grounds. This was because the nurses were not aware that they were in a psychological study and could have felt threatened by the results and their implications.

评价：与Milgram一样，Hofling也受到了道德方面的批评。这是因为护士们没有意识到他们是在进行一项心理学研究，可能会对研究结果及其影响感到威胁。

On practical grounds, as a field study, this research was hard to replicate. Other studies which have tried to have not obtained similar results. This means that this study only applies to this hospital. The results cannot be applied generally, therefore it is not an ecologically valid study.

从实际情况看，作为一项实地研究，这项研究很难复制。其他尝试过的研究也没有得到类似的结果。这意味着本研究只适用于这家医院。其结果不能普遍应用，因此它不是一项生态学上的有效研究。